Written by Dr Ann Nainan, UK-trained GP (MBBS, MRCGP)
About me https://thetravellingdoc.com/about_me/
Written 21 Jan 2025
Key Takeaways
- Motion sickness isn’t psychological — it’s a physical response caused by mixed signals between your eyes, inner ear, and body.
- Your inner ear plays a central role in sensing movement, and when its signals don’t match what your eyes are seeing, symptoms like nausea and dizziness can start.
- Not everyone experiences motion sickness in the same way, and roles, repeated exposure, anxiety, and migraines can all influence how severe symptoms feel — but over time, the body can adapt.
What Is Motion Sickness?
Motion sickness is a group of symptoms. These symptoms include nausea, dizziness, headaches, tiredness, cold sweat, and sometimes vomiting. This is because your body is processing many different signals at once, which conflict with each other about movement.
Many people experience motion sickness during travel, and travel sickness is a common form of this condition.
We can see this happening when you travel by car, boat, plane, train, VR, and even in video games. My patient Sarah noticed it when she was mostly travelling by car; she was actually fine overall while driving. This is important because everyone’s symptoms of motion sickness are a little different, so the way it affects you will be different from the way it affects someone else.
A family physician can help diagnose and manage motion sickness, and provide advice on prevention and treatment.
Motion Sickness Symptoms
Symptoms of motion sickness vary from person to person because everyone is unique. Common symptoms of motion sickness include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Dizziness
- Headaches
- Tiredness and drowsiness (including sopite syndrome)
- Cold sweat
- Feeling motion sick or unwell
- Vomiting in severe cases
The sensory conflict theory can trigger these symptoms of motion sickness. I see this in my patients often. Happens when your inner ear and your eyes send different signals about movement. For example, when sitting still in a moving vehicle or playing video games with fast camera movement, your ears sense motion. At the same time, your eyes perceive a stationary object or a virtual environment, which can lead to discomfort.
Risk factors influencing susceptibility to motion sickness include sleep deprivation, being pregnant, children, or individuals with vestibular disorders. Motion Sickness
Motion sickness can be horrible, complex, and hard to manage.
Key Takeaways
What Is Motion Sickness?
Motion sickness is a group of symptoms. These symptoms include nausea, dizziness, headaches, tiredness, and sometimes sweating. This is because your body is processing many different signals at once, which conflict with each other about movement.
We can see this happening when you travel by car, boat, plane, train, VR, and even in video games. My patient Sarah noticed it when she was mostly travelling by car; she was actually fine overall while driving. This is important because everyone’s symptoms of motion sickness are a little different, so the way it affects you will differ from how it affects someone else.
Motion Sickness Symptoms
Why Does Motion Sickness Happen? (Causes & Mechanisms)
Why does motion sickness happen? What are the main causes and the mechanism (you’re in the ear)?
Motion sickness occurs when your brain receives conflicting information from your senses about movement.
This conflict can create a sensation of apparent motion, where the brain interprets the mismatch between visual and vestibular signals as hallucinated movement. Some researchers suggest this triggers a defence mechanism: the brain may interpret the conflict as a sign of neurotoxin ingestion, leading to nausea and vomiting as a protective response.
The most common explanation is sensory conflict, in which your inner ear (vestibular system), eyes, and, sometimes, proprioceptors send different signals about your body’s movement and position. The brain constantly compares actual motion to expected motion, and a mismatch between these can result in motion sickness symptoms.
The vestibular system in your inner ear detects changes in head movement and position. Reflexive eye movements, controlled by the vestibulo-ocular reflex, are often involved in motion sickness when visual and vestibular inputs conflict, further contributing to discomfort.
Sensory Conflict Theory
How your system and your body coordinate balance depends on different inputs. This includes your eyes, which do the visual part; the inner ear, which does the vestibular system; and your muscles and joints, which do proprioception. Proprioception is how your body recognises where you are in relation to other things. When all of these inputs are not in alignment, this can be interpreted by your brain as a problem. As your brain detects a problem, it triggers nausea and, in some cases, even vomiting.
The Role of Your Inner Ear
- Your inner ear isn’t just for hearing. It has other important uses. It also detects movement.
- It’s constantly giving your braininformation about whether you’re still, starting to move, speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.
- It also tells your brain if you’re tilting or spinning. Even when you’re not consciously aware of movements
- Most of the time, this system works quietly in the background and keeps you balanced without you thinking about it.
- Problems start when what your inner ear senses doesn’t line up with what your eyes see.
How Your Ear Senses Motion
- Inside the inner ear are small fluid-filled tunnels that do a lot of heavy lifting, especially for balance.
- Semicircular canals: they detect rotation and turning movements. Examples include turning your head, looking over your shoulder, or taking a corner in a car.
- Otolith organs, which can sense straight-line movement and gravity, can therefore help your brain work out whether you’re accelerating, braking, moving up, moving down, or staying level.
- Together, these systems provide your brain with a continuous stream of information about how your body is moving through space.
- When this information matches what your eyes are seeing, the brain and body are happy
- When it doesn’t match, such as when reading in a moving car or using a VR headset. Motion sickness can kick in.
Concrete Examples of Sensory Mismatch
| Situation | What Your Eyes See | What Your Ear Senses | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading in the back seat of a car | Stationary object, like a book ora phone | Ear senses motion, head motion, road motion, turns, acceleration | Classic terrestrial motion sickness | |
| VR headset or IMAX movie | Intense perceived motion through a virtual environment | The body | dy is completely still | Visually induced motion sickness |
| Below deck on a boat | Non-moving cabin walls | Rocking, pitching wave motion | Sea sickness | |
| Playing video games with fast camera movement | Rapid visual motion | No vestibular stimulation | Virtual motion sickness |
Who Gets Motion Sickness Worse? (Children, Women, Migraine, Anxiety)
Children
Children are most susceptible to and most likely to get motion sickness between the ages of 2 and 12. This is because their body systems are still adapting and getting used to how to combine and fully integrate all the sensors, for example, the eyes and the brain. As they get older, this generally improves, which is excellent news for parents.
Pregnant Women
Some women, at different times of the month and due to hormonal fluctuations, can find that symptoms are worse. Motion sickness can also be worse during pregnancy and during menstruation.
Women and Hormonal Fluctuations
People with Migraines
People with migraines. This is because people with migraines may have vestibular sensitivity, meaning sensitivity in the inner ear and balance system, and an overall higher risk of nausea and prolonged symptoms.
Individuals with Anxiety
Other Risk Factors
Other risk factors can include lack of sleep, so people who have not been sleeping enough can be more predisposed, for example, night shift workers. People who have not been drinking enough and are dehydrated may also be more affected. Strong smells, reading, and screen use during motion can worsen symptoms. This is because your eyes and your body are processing different things, so your eyes are reading while your body is experiencing movement. People with inner ear disorders and symptoms are also at higher risk.
Motion Sickness by Situation
The best way of dealing with motion sickness in each situation
Car & Bus Motion Sickness
Cars and motion sickness: Sit in the front, look towards the horizon, avoid reading or screen use, and make sure the windows are open so you are getting some fresh air.
Boats and Cruises
Boats and cruises.s Make sure you are in the middle of the ship to minimise movement as much as possible. Fix on distant spots on the horizon; for example, if you are sailing away from the beach, focus on the beach. Go up on deck to get some fresh air when youcano.
Trains and Public Transport
Trains and public transport. Make sure you are sitting in the direction of travel, so sit facing forward, and choose carriages in the middle, which tend to have smoother travel.
Air Travel (Planes)
Planes and travel.l Choose seats over the wing, which is in the middle of the aircraft. This helps avoid too much turbulence. Make sure you stay well hydrated during the flight.
Best Evidence-Based Treatments for Motion Sickness
Scopolamine Patches
Scopolamine (hyoscine) patches. These can be very effective for people with sea sickness, but you have to make sure you follow the instructions appropriately. Make sure you apply them 6–12 hours before travelling. Side effects can include dry mouth, blurred vision, and confusion, especially in older adults.
Ginger and Ginger Ale
Ginger, one of my patients who travels frequently abroad by plane, prefers more natural methods rather than medication, and she prefers to use ginger. She supports its use, and it can be individual for each person. Some people notice more benefit than others. Evidence shows it can be mild but helpful. Capsules or tea can also be useful, and there are several ways to take ginger. It can be safe in pregnancy.
Acupressure Bands
Acupressure bands. Another method that my patient, who loves to be holistic and natural, especially when flying, uses is acupressure bands. This is because they are low risk. Some people do get benefits, whereas others do not. For those who do benefit, there are no side effects, so this is a great thing to try.
When to See a Doctor
When you need to see a doctor or seek medical advice
You should seek medical advice if you are having severe symptoms that are stopping your quality of life, for example, if you are avoiding long car trips or travelling abroad due to your symptoms. If you have neurological symptoms, such as weakness in your limbs or speech difficulties, this may indicate that something else is going on. If you have dizziness all the time, even at rest, this probably needs checking to see if there is another cause. Symptoms that have persisted for days,, even after you finish travelling,, should be reviewed. If you have any hearing loss or ringing in your ears, this should also be checked.
FAQs about Motion Sickness
Can Motion Sickness Damage My Brain or Ears? (Central Nervous System)
Can motion sickness damage my brain or ears? No. This is a symptom you are experiencing, but it does not cause long-term damage.
Why Do I Feel Off or Exhausted for Hours Afterwards? (Sopite Syndrome)
Why do I feel off or exhausted for hours afterwards? This fatigue is due to your nervous system being activated, which can be draining for the body.
Is It Safe to Give Motion Sickness Medicine to My Child?
Is it safe to give motion sickness medicine to my child? Some medications and tablets should not be used in children, so please check the packaging and guidance for your country. You might prefer to use more natural methods, such as ginger or acupressure bands, if they are helpful to you.
Can I Develop Motion Sickness Later in Life? (Susceptibility to Motion Sickness, Motion Sickness Susceptibility)
Can I develop motion sickness later in life? Yes. There are changes you might go through, such as hormone changes, pregnancy, migraines, and anxiety, which can trigger symptoms.
Do VR and Gaming Make Motion Sickness Worse? (Virtual Motion Sickness, Playing Video Games)
Do VR and gaming make motion sickness worse? There is no evidence that this causes long-term problems. Still, if you are worried and getting regular symptoms, you may want to limit exposure and see if your symptoms improve with less use. Virtual environments, such as VR headsets and immersive simulations, can provoke motion sickness by creating conflicting sensory inputs, especially when visual and vestibular cues do not match. Motion sickness susceptibility varies widely in the general population, with some people highly susceptible to terrestrial motion sickness, space motion sickness, or visually induced motion sickness, such as that experienced on amusement park rides or in virtual reality.
Prevent motion sickness by sitting in a window seat or the front edge of a moving vehicle, focusing on the horizon, getting fresh air, and avoiding reading or screen time during travel. Treatments for motion sickness include anti-motion sickness drugs like antihistamines and scopolamine patches, ginger ale as a natural remedy, and acupressure bands.
Understanding the role of the vestibular system, the semicircular canals, the otolith organs, and canal stimulation helps family physicians and the vestibular disorders association develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. If symptoms become severe or persistent, consult your healthcare provider for guidance.
Additional Information
The term nausea derives from the Greek word “naus,” meaning ship, highlighting the long history of sea sickness. Some individuals may even experience disembarkment syndrome, in which symptoms persist after leaving the moving vehicle.
Important research on motion sickness can be found in journals such as Aviat Space Environ Med and Exp Brain Res.
For more information and external links to research, such as studies published in the Experimental Brain Research and Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine journals, visit trusted health websites and the Vestibular Disorders Association resources.
Understanding the vestibular system, semicircular canals, otolith output, and how the brain processes sensory input is key to managing and avoiding motion sickness in various situations.
Video Explanation
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Motion Sickness
Written by Dr Ann Nainan, UK-trained GP (MBBS, MRCGP)
About me
Written 21 Jan 2025
Key Takeaways
- Motion sickness isn’t psychological — it’s a physical response caused by mixed signals between your eyes, inner ear, and body.
- Your inner ear plays a central role in sensing movement, and when its signals don’t match what your eyes are seeing, symptoms like nausea and dizziness can start.
- Not everyone experiences motion sickness in the same way, and roles, repeated exposure, anxiety, and migraines can all influence how severe symptoms feel — but over time, the body can adapt.
What Is Motion Sickness?
Motion sickness is a group of symptoms. These symptoms include nausea, dizziness, headaches, tiredness, cold sweat, and sometimes vomiting. This is because your body is processing many different signals at once, which conflict about movement.
Many people experience motion sickness during travel, and travel sickness is a common form of this condition.
We can see this happening when you travel by car, boat, plane, train, VR, and even in video games. My patient Sarah noticed it when she was mostly travelling by car; she was actually fine overall while driving. This is important because everyone’s symptoms of motion sickness are a little different, so the way it affects you will be different from the way it affects someone else.
Motion Sickness Symptoms
Symptoms of motion sickness vary from person to person because everyone is unique. Common symptoms of motion sickness include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Dizziness
- Headaches
- Tiredness and drowsiness (including sopite syndrome)
- Cold sweat
- Feeling motion sick or unwell
- Vomiting in severe cases
The sensory conflict theory can trigger these symptoms of motion sickness. I see this in my patients often. Happens when your inner ear and your eyes send different signals about movement. For example, when sitting still in a moving vehicle or playing video games with fast camera movement, your ears sense motion. At the same time, your eyes perceive a stationary object or a virtual environment, which can lead to discomfort.
Risk factors influencing susceptibility to motion sickness include sleep deprivation, being pregnant, children, or individuals with vestibular disorders. Motion Sickness
Motion sickness can be horrible, complex, and hard to manage.
Key Takeaways
What Is Motion Sickness?
Motion sickness is a group of symptoms. These symptoms include nausea, dizziness, headaches, tiredness, and sometimes sweating. This is because your body is processing many different signals at once, which conflict about movement.
We can see this happening when you travel by car, boat, plane, train, VR, and even in video games. My patient Sarah noticed it when she was mostly travelling by car; she was actually fine overall while driving. This is important because everyone’s symptoms of motion sickness are a little different, so the way it affects you will be different from the way it affects someone else.
Motion Sickness Symptoms
Why Does Motion Sickness Happen? (Causes & Mechanisms)
Why does motion sickness happen? What are the main causes and the mechanism (you’re in the ear)?
Motion sickness occurs when your brain receives conflicting information from your senses about movement.
This conflict can create a sensation of apparent motion, where the brain interprets the mismatch between visual and vestibular signals as hallucinated movement. Some researchers suggest this triggers a defense mechanism: the brain may interpret the conflict as a sign of neurotoxin ingestion, leading to nausea and vomiting as a protective response.
The most common explanation is sensory conflict, where your inner ear (vestibular system), eyes, and sometimes proprioceptors send different signals about your body’s movement and position. The brain constantly compares actual motion to expected motion, and a mismatch between these can result in motion sickness symptoms.
The vestibular system in your inner ear detects changes in head movement and position. Reflexive eye movements, controlled by the vestibulo-ocular reflex, are often involved in motion sickness when visual and vestibular inputs conflict, further contributing to discomfort.
Sensory Conflict Theory
How your system and your body coordinate balance depends on different inputs. This includes your eyes, which do the visual part; the inner ear, which does the vestibular system; and your muscles and joints, which do proprioception. Proprioception is how your body recognises where you are in relation to other things. When all of these inputs are not in alignment, this can be interpreted by your brain as a problem. As your brain detects a problem, it triggers nausea and, in some cases, even vomiting.
The Role of Your Inner Ear
- Your inner ear isn’t just for hearing. It has other important uses. It also detect movement.
- It’s constantly giving information to your brain about whether you’re still, starting to move, speeding up, slowing up or down, or when you are changing direction.
- It also tells your brain if you’re tilting or spinning. Even when you’re not consciously aware of movements
- Most of the time, this system works quietly in the background and keeps you balanced without you thinking about it.
- Problems start when what your inner ear is sensing doesn’t line up with what your eyes are seeing.
How Your Ear Senses Motion
- Inside the inner ear are small fluid-filled tunnels that do a lot of heavy lifting, especially for balance.
- Semicircular canals: they detect rotation and turning movements. Examples include turning your head, looking over your shoulder, or taking a corner in a car.
- Otolith organs, which can sense straight-line movement and gravity, can therefore help your brain work out whether you’re accelerating, braking, moving up, moving down, or staying level.
- Together, these systems provide your brain with a continuous stream of information about how your body is moving through space.
- When this information matches what your eyes are seeing, the brain and body are happy
- When it doesn’t match, such as reading in a moving car or using a VR headset. Motion sickness can kick in.
Concrete Examples of Sensory Mismatch
| Situation | What Your Eyes See | What Your Ear Senses | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading in the back seat of a car | Stationary object, like a book ora phone | Ear senses motion, head motion, road motion, turns, acceleration | Classic terrestrial motion sickness | |
| VR headset or IMAX movie | Intense perceived motion through a virtual environment | The body | dy is completely still | Visually induced motion sickness |
| Below deck on a boat | Non-moving cabin walls | Rocking, pitching wave motion | Sea sickness | |
| Playing video games with fast camera movement | Rapid visual motion | No vestibular stimulation | Virtual motion sickness |
Who Gets Motion Sickness Worse? (Children, Women, Migraine, Anxiety)
Children
Children are most susceptible to and most likely to get motion sickness between the ages of 2 and 12. This is because their body systems are still adapting and getting used to how to combine and fully integrate all the sensors, for example, the eyes and the brain. As they get older, this generally improves, which is excellent news for parents.
Pregnant Women
Some women, at different times of the month and due to hormonal fluctuations, can find that symptoms are worse. Motion sickness can also be worse during pregnancy and during menstruation.
Women and Hormonal Fluctuations
People with Migraines
People with migraines. This is because people with migraines may have vestibular sensitivity, meaning sensitivity in the inner ear and balance system, and an overall higher risk of nausea and prolonged symptoms.
Individuals with Anxiety
Other Risk Factors
Other risk factors can include lack of sleep, so people who have not been sleeping enough can be more predisposed, for example, night shift workers. People who have not been drinking enough and are dehydrated may also be more affected. Strong smells, reading, and screen use during motion can worsen symptoms. This is because your eyes and your body are processing different things, so your eyes are reading while your body is experiencing movement. People with inner ear disorders and symptoms are also at higher risk.
Motion Sickness by Situation
The best way of dealing with motion sickness in each situation
Car & Bus Motion Sickness
Cars and motion sickness: Sit in the front, look towards the horizon, avoid reading or screen use, and make sure the windows are open so you are getting some fresh air.
Boats and Cruises
Boats and cruises.s Make sure you are in the middle of the ship to minimise movement as much as possible. Fix on distant spots on the horizon; for example, if you are sailing away from the beach, focus on the beach. Go up on deck to get some fresh air when youcano.
Trains and Public Transport
Trains and public transport. Make sure you are sitting in the direction of travel, so sit facing forward, and choose carriages in the middle, which tend to have smoother travel.
Air Travel (Planes)
Planes and travel.l Choose seats over the wing, which is in the middle of the aircraft. This helps avoid too much turbulence. Make sure you stay well hydrated during the flight.
Best Evidence-Based Treatments for Motion Sickness
Scopolamine Patches
Scopolamine (hyoscine) patches. These can be very effective for people with sea sickness, but you have to make sure you follow the instructions appropriately. Make sure you apply them 6–12 hours before travelling. Side effects can include dry mouth, blurred vision, and confusion, especially in older adults.
Ginger and Ginger Ale
Ginger, one of my patients who travels frequently abroad by plane, prefers more natural methods rather than medication, and she prefers to use ginger. She supports its use, and it can be individual for each person. Some people notice more benefit than others. Evidence shows it can be mild but helpful. Capsules or tea can also be useful, and there are several ways to take ginger. It can be safe in pregnancy.
Acupressure Bands
Acupressure bands. Another method that my patient, who loves to be holistic and natural, especially when flying, uses is acupressure bands. This is because they are low risk. Some people do get benefits, whereas others do not. For those who do benefit, there are no side effects, so this is a great thing to try.
When to See a Doctor
When you need to see a doctor or seek medical advice
You should seek medical advice if you are having severe symptoms that are stopping your quality of life, for example, if you are avoiding long car trips or travelling abroad due to your symptoms. If you have neurological symptoms, such as weakness in your limbs or speech difficulties, this may indicate that something else is going on. If you have dizziness all the time, even at rest, this probably needs to be checked to see if there is another cause. Symptoms that have persisted for days,, even after you finish travelling,, should be reviewed. If you have any hearing loss or ringing in your ears, this should also be checked.
A family physician can help diagnose and manage motion sickness and provide advice on prevention and treatment.
FAQs about Motion Sickness
Can Motion Sickness Damage My Brain or Ears? (Central Nervous System)
Can motion sickness damage my brain or ears? No. This is a symptom you are experiencing, but it does not cause long-term damage.
Why Do I Feel Off or Exhausted for Hours Afterwards? (Sopite Syndrome)
Why do I feel off or exhausted for hours afterwards? This fatigue is due to your nervous system being activated, which can be draining for the body.
Is It Safe to Give Motion Sickness Medicine to My Child?
Is it safe to give motion sickness medicine to my child? Some medications and tablets should not be used in children, so please check the packaging and guidance for your country. You might prefer to use more natural methods, such as ginger or acupressure bands, if they are helpful to you.
Can I Develop Motion Sickness Later in Life? (Susceptibility to Motion Sickness, Motion Sickness Susceptibility)
Can I develop motion sickness later in life? Yes. There are changes you might go through, such as hormone changes, pregnancy, migraines, and anxiety, which can trigger symptoms.
Do VR and Gaming Make Motion Sickness Worse? (Virtual Motion Sickness, Playing Video Games)
Do VR and gaming make motion sickness worse? There is no evidence that this causes long-term problems. Still, if you are worried and getting regular symptoms, you may want to limit exposure and see if your symptoms improve with less use. Virtual environments, such as VR headsets and immersive simulations, can provoke motion sickness by creating conflicting sensory inputs, especially when visual and vestibular cues do not match. Motion sickness susceptibility varies widely in the general population, with some people highly susceptible to terrestrial motion sickness, space motion sickness, or visually induced motion sickness, such as that experienced on amusement park rides or in virtual reality.
Prevent motion sickness by sitting in a window seat or the front edge of a moving vehicle, focusing on the horizon, getting fresh air, and avoiding reading or screen time during travel. Treatments for motion sickness include anti-motion sickness drugs like antihistamines and scopolamine patches, ginger ale as a natural remedy, and acupressure bands.
Understanding the role of the vestibular system, the semicircular canals, the otolith organs, and canal stimulation helps family physicians and the Vestibular Disorders Association develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. If symptoms become severe or persistent, consult your healthcare provider for guidance.
Additional Information
The term nausea derives from the Greek word “naus,” meaning ship, highlighting the long history of sea sickness. Some individuals may even experience disembarkment syndrome, in which symptoms persist after leaving the moving vehicle.
Significant research on motion sickness can be found in journals such as Aviat Space Environ Med and Exp Brain Res.
For more information and external links to research, such as studies published in the Experimental Brain Research and Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine journals, visit trusted health websites and the Vestibular Disorders Association resources.
Understanding the vestibular system, semicircular canals, otolith output, and how the brain processes sensory input is key to managing and avoiding motion sickness in various situations.
References
1. Causes & Sensory Conflict – Motion Sickness (NHS UK)
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/motion-sickness/
2. Self-Care Tips – Motion Sickness (NHS UK)
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/motion-sickness/
(same page – includes prevention and self-care advice)
3. Hyoscine for Travel Sickness (NHS UK)
https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/hyoscine-hydrobromide/how-and-when-to-take-hyoscine-hydrobromide/
4. Antihistamines – Cinnarizine (NHS UK)
https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/cinnarizine/about-cinnarizine/
5. Other Anti-Sickness Options – Prochlorperazine (NHS UK)
https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/prochlorperazine/
